

Even in situations where there is some tenuous hope of reconciliation, there is also uncertainty-such as South Sudan, where a 2018 peace deal that put an end to years of civil war has held, even as widespread violence continues to plague the country. Then there are the emerging hot spots, including Sudan and Myanmar, and any number of potential flashpoints, like the China-India frontier and the Eastern Mediterranean.

There are interminable conflicts, like the situations in Syria, Yemen and the Sahel, which have produced years of violence, countless thousands of deaths and even more refugees.

The international order is fraying, generating uncertainty about who will intervene and how these interventions might be funded.
